everything you need to know about lithium-ion batteries – but which car makers forgot to tell you

It has become a part of everyday life.
\"Most of us plug in our laptops or phones and charge them at night without really thinking about it,\" Serena Corr said . \" Professor of functional materials and professor of chemistry and bioengineering at the University of Sheffield, \"but what happens during charging and discharging is a very complicated process and still not fully understood.
We\'re talking about lithium. ion (
Abbreviated as Li-ion)
When someone with a job title like Corr tells you something \"very complicated\", you \'d better believe it.
These are the batteries that power almost everything these days;
In addition to your phones, computers and power tools, they can drive almost all the batterieselectric cars.
Here we will discuss the core of this technology.
Battery life and the degree of degradation of the battery determine the service life of your electric car and how much someone is prepared to pay the next day
On the other hand, this determines the cost of ownership and monthly cost of the individual contract purchase plan (PCP).
At the moment, the value of used battery cars is surprisingly low as the used market does not understand the technology and cares about what happens after the battery warranty expires.
This is a topic that caught automakers off guard.
From a width without a script
At this year\'s Jaguar I-conference, a series of breakfast conversations were held with Dr. Wolfgang Ziebart of Jaguar Land Rover
Pace acknowledged the issue and hinted that it might help if all used battery cars come with a separate report on battery health, in addition, there is also a need to educate the public on how to \"serve\" batteries by replacing individual batteries.
However, when we formally asked Jaguar if it would provide an expert for the article to be interviewed, we received the following reply: \"When you start your life, the battery can be driven and used.
Any benefit of change, your way of charging and driving is very insignificant and will completely keep you away from the driving experience and live with the battery --
Electric vehicles (BEV)
Especially me. Pace. ”Hum.
So the warranty at iPace 90 KW, lithium-ion battery (
Including 32 LG Chemical bag batteries)
It is eight or 100,000 miles, which can be redeemed if there is a failure or if the battery is less than healthy.
After that, you can \"live your life\" with your invalid battery;
One problem Jaguar seems to be dealing with is not to think too much about it.
In essence, lithium
The ion battery mainly consists of five parts: cathode; anode; separator;
Current collector;
And electrolyte.
Lithium is stored in the anode and cathode, and the electrolyte is positive-
Lithium ion live travel.
So when you charge the battery, the positive (or cathode)
Give up some of its lithium ions that pass through the electrolyte and separator to the negative pole (or anode).
When you discharge the battery, these lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode, resulting in an electronic flow through the device (
Motor here)
You power the battery. In a lithium-
The process of ion batteries is reversible in many cycles and years. In addition, Li-
Ion batteries carry more charge at less weight than alternatives such as leadacid or nickel-metal-
So they are used to drive cars.
But as Corr explains, the charging/discharging process does not have no impact on the health and longevity of the battery.
\"The material that constitutes the electrode is usually layered, for example, the cathode material can be lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (
Or NMC),” she says.
\"One can imagine this cathode as a stacked paper, and lithium ion can be inserted between the stacked paper.
When this material goes through multiple charge and discharge cycles, there are mechanical and chemical processes that can \"change\" the cathode and cause it to degrade.
These can take the form of atomic re-arrangement, volume change and even particle cracking.
There is also a \"coating\" process in which the reaction of the electrolyte causes permanent coverage of the electrode part, which may reduce its ability to hold ions, thereby reducing its ability to hold charges.
This is also affected by the way you treat your batteries.
\"There are a lot of problems that can affect degradation, such as reactions to external stimuli, such as temperature, charging, and pressure,\" Corr said. ”Keeping up?
As Corr explains, this is just the beginning: \"Every set of battery chemistry has its own challenges.
Corr\'s job is part of the UK.
Through extensive collaboration funded by Faraday institutions, attempts are made to understand the degradation of electric vehicle batteries and to avoid pathways and practices that lead to this.
She said: \"car batteries are turning to the cathode with a high nickel content, reducing the cobalt content, in part because the cost of cobalt has risen sharply in the past few years, and the ethical problem of extracting cobalt.
To extend the life of these batteries, car battery manufacturers use additives on the electrolyte or coating on the electrodes to protect them from degradation.
\"Part of the work we are doing is to develop a coating that can prevent degradation and to study the impact of nano-structures on the degradation mechanism,\" Corr said . \".
\"Our research team in the UK has the expertise to evaluate these degradation mechanisms from atom to battery pack levels and provides strong insights on how to avoid degradation.
Although all this may be of great interest to the rich battery \"early adopters --
Electronic Technology is the most advanced for most people. close-and-
Li\'s personal experience
Ion batteries are with their cell phone batteries, and even after the first year of use, the batteries are severely degraded-which may be understandable when you expand the car-related issues, there will be a certain degree of doubt. . .
Daimler eDrive development director Jochen Hermann agreed, but pointed out the difference between cell phone battery and battery --electric car.
\"With laptops or mobile phones, people squeeze everything, all the energy, in this very small place. It’s not heat-
Control, charging depends on the content and time you insert, sometimes the current changes, it\'s all done at the edge
That\'s why you see a rapid drop in battery capacity for your laptop or smartphone today.
He said battery management for automotive applications is comprehensive, based on key determinants of temperature, pressure and charging rate: \"battery management systems, this is the key,\" he said.
\"In terms of software, but also in terms of hardware.
How do you control the temperature, how many kWh do you install, how many kWh do you use, and how you use it.
There is also the energy and specification of the battery, which is difficult and more expensive.
Considering that lithium is currently being installed in the industry-
An ion battery of $140 per kilowatt, in addition to this, the price of battery management is very expensive.
As Klaus Frolich, BMW\'s R & D director, recently told us: \"I can see every cell and how it ages.
He believes that by 2025, the battery capacity will increase by five times-
An electric vehicle capable of traveling 430 miles between two charges.
But how long-
How much does it cost?
Maybe we have to learn how to take care of our cells.
Corr said: \"Can you consider things that increase battery life?
First, charge to 100;
This may give you a good feeling [
Full charge]
But it\'s not necessarily a good thing for your battery.
She explained that a 100 charge would put pressure on the cathode: \"It\'s demanding and putting pressure on the battery.
They don\'t like extremes very much.
\"She recommends charging only 50 to 80 cents, even in the car, there is often a proportion of software limiting battery capacity in order to live a long life.
\"If you can get your daily commute done at less than 100, then I will avoid fully charging the battery and keep it in a lower range like 50 to 80, try to extend your battery life.
\"I will also try to avoid discharging all the way to zero as this can lead to increased battery degradation.
I can understand the desire to be fully charged, but when we get into a more charged world, we may have to charge smarter and maybe limit the battery to 80 cents, the charge then stops automatically.
\"She also suggested that maybe we need to choose electric cars according to our needs so that we don\'t need to charge them every night.
This presents interesting ideas for buying excess capacity for longevity.
\"So if you go to Aberdeen a lot to run to Glasgow instead of a round run, you need a different number of battery capacity
City vehicles, \"said Cole.
\"The extra capacity is not a bad thing.
\"As we use renewable energy to generate electricity for the next generation of batteries --
Electric vehicles are becoming more and more accustomed to efficiency from the perspective of environmental efficiency, but we still need to solve some problems. Lithium-
Ion batteries are not an environmental or moral free lunch, whether in the power to charge them or in the elements they make --up (
They usually come from some of the most exploited and dangerous places in the world)or the rare-
Enter the Earth elements of their power motor.
Lithium is dangerous, reactive in the air and difficult to recycle, so as a safety measure, many batteries end up in landfill. Battery-
If the technology is to be completely out of the market, electric cars will have to be more popular than used cars, depending on how we take care of them, the car manufacturers are able to serve them and have long-term
Take care of their semester plan
Not only at the new time, but also the day after the end of the warranty period.
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