Fluorine-free water-in-ionomer electrolytes for sustainable lithium-ion batteries

The number and size of lithium is increasing
Basic batteries developed for large batteries
Large-scale applications have caused serious environmental problems.
Here, we solve the problem of electrolyte low toxicity safety proposed \"waterin-
An electrolyte of the type \"polyconcentrate\", replacing organic solvents with water, with non-
Cheap and free of fluorine
Toxic super-absorbent Poly, lithium acrylic acid.
Interestingly, even for high water content, the electrical stability window of this electrolyte is greatly extended.
In particular, the gel with a 50 wt % Poly has a window of electrochemical stability of 2. 6u2009V vs.
Platinum and conductivity are 6.
5 MS CM-1 at 20 °c
The structural study shows that the electrolyte is locally self-contained
With the change of water content, the tissue and most likely change the local structure to form a 50% gel with good conductivity and elastic properties. A LiTi2(PO4)
3/lithium ion battery
An ion battery containing this electrolyte provides an average discharge voltage.
Specific energy of 5 v and 77 WHK kg-1, whereas for alternative cell chemistry, I. e.
The average output voltage 2 was further enhanced by Ti02/F4.
1 v, the initial specific energy is 124.
Two thousand K-1 have been achieved. Lithium-
Ion batteries are now used in electric vehicles and are being studied for power grid stabilization to allow a larger portion of the power supply to come from renewable but intermittent sources of energy.
However, as the size of the battery increases, its impact on the environment and associated risks will also increase.
In addition to the toxic and expensive transition metals used in the cathode, such as Ni and Co, the key issues are the flammable and toxic properties of the electrolyte.
Therefore, the use of non
Flammable, non-toxic electrolyte is required.
In recent studies, a variety of alternative electrolyte is proposed.
In particular, the highly concentrated electrolyte without a \"free\" solvent molecule presents distinct features that are significantly different from that of a similar substance that is \"diluted\" 1 m, especially in terms of its electrochemical stability window (ESW).
Among them, \"Polymer-in-
The salt \"electrolyte is proposed to take advantage of the high solubility of the low crystalline energy Li salt, such as lithium bis (
Trifluoride and sulfur-based)imide (LiTFSI)
In polyethylene oxide.
Unfortunately, despite some attempts to develop
Low-Energy organic Li salt is usually heavy fluorine and toxic (
LiTFSI has LD50 (oral, rat)
According to the material safety data sheet of Solvay ())
And environmental persistence.
In recent years, a variety of solvents, including glymes, have been used in the circulation system (and in the presence of \"solvents\"in-
Salt \"electrolyte with LiTFSI as lithium salt.
However, in most cases, this method increases the fluorine content of the electrolyte and, although LiTFSI may be recycled, increases the price and toxicity of the electrolyte.
Another way is to develop lithium
Ion chemistry that holds the water electrolyte, it can-
In addition to its security advantages --
Due to the excellent dissolution performance of the water, the use of expensive and fluorine generation Yin is overcome.
However, an important problem is that ESW is limited by water.
Nevertheless, 1.
In many cases, the \"thermodynamic\" ESW of water can be exceeded.
Sony, for example. and Dong et al.
Put forward \"water-in-
Salt \"electrolyte containing LiTFSI in 21 m solution in water, later expanded to a mixture of perf lithium salt, providing excellent ESW and battery output voltage of 2 to 3 v
Nevertheless, despite the resolution of the flammable problem, the performance is greatly improved, in these cases the fluorine content is much higher than the traditional lithium content
Ion electrolyte.
Here we propose an electrolyte: a \"water-in-ionomer”, non-
Fluorine and non-Fluorine
Toxic poly-polymer electrolyte, although it comes from a weak acid and contains a relatively high number of moisture, exhibits a similar effect to \"water-in-
Operating the salt electrolyte of Li-
The voltage far exceeds the ion battery of water.